Aquinas on Governement

The best government of a society (multitudo) is one that is ruled by one person. This is clear from the end of government which is peace. Peaceful unity among his subjects is the end of a ruler, and one ruler, rather than many rulers, is a more proximate cause of unity.

St. Thomas Aquinas, The Summa Against the Gentiles, Bk. IV, ch. 76.

Thomas Aquinas on Reason and Faith

Now human reason is related to the knowledge of the truth of faith…in such a way that reason can attain likenesses of it that are true but not sufficient to comprehend the truth conclusively or as known in itself.

St. Thomas Aquinuas, The Summa Against the Gentiles, Bk 1., ch. 8.

Dante on Fraud and Traitors

"Now fraud, that eats away at every conscience, is practiced by a man against another who trusts in him, or one who has no trust. This latter way seems only to cut off the bond of love that nature forges…But in the former way of fraud, not only the love that nature forges is forgotten, but added love that builds a special trust;

thus, in the tightest circle, where there is the universe’s center, seat of Dis, all traitors are consumed eternally."

Dante, The Divine Comedy, Inferno, Canto XI.

Humility & Magnanimity

Aquinas’ list of virtues does not altogether tally with Aristotle’s, though he works hard to Christianize some of the more pagan characters who figure in Ethics. Aristotle’s ideal man is great-souled, that is to say, he is a highly superior being who is very conscious of his own superiority to others. How can this be reconciled with the Christian virtue of humility? By a remarkable piece of intellectual legerdemain, Aquinas makes magnanimity not only compatible with humility but part of the very same virtue. There is a virtue, he says, that is the moderation of ambition, a virtue based on on a just appreciation of one’s own gifts and defects. Humility is the aspect that ensures that one’s ambitions are based on a just assessment of one’s defects, magnanimity is the aspect that ensures that they are based on a just assessment of one’s gifts.

Anthony Kenny, Medieval Philosophy, Vol 2., 73.

On Kingship

While writing the First Part of the Summa St Thomas began a political treatise, On Kingship, laying down principles for the guidance of secular governments in a way that leaves no doubt that kings are subject to priests and that the pope enjoys a secular as well as a spiritual supremacy.

Anthony Kenny, Medieval Philosophy, Vol. 2, 70.

Universities

The university is, in essentials, a thirteenth-century innovation, if by ‘university’ we mean a corporation of people engaged professionally, full-time, in the teaching and expansion of a corpus of knowledge in various subjects, handing it on to their pupils, with an agreed syllabus, agreed methods of teaching, and agreed professional standards. Universities and parliaments came into existence at roughly the same time, and have proved themselves the most long-lived of all medieval inventions.

Anthony Kenny, Medieval Philosophy, Vol. 2, 55.

Theodore Roosevelt quotes

"If you could kick the person in the pants responsible for most of your trouble, you wouldn’t sit for a month."

"If I must choose between righteousness and peace, I choose righteousness."

"If an American is to amount to anything he must rely upon himself, and not upon the State; he must take pride in his own work, instead of sitting idle to envy the luck of others. He must face life with resolute courage, win victory if he can, and accept defeat if he must, without seeking to place on his fellow man a responsibility which is not theirs."

"I care not what others think of what I do, but I care very much about what I think of what I do. That is character!"

"Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting; but never hit soft!"

"Courtesy is as much a mark of a gentleman as courage."

Theodore Roosevelt

Difficult Life

Nothing in the world is worth having or worth doing unless it means effort, pain, difficulty… I have never in my life envied a human being who led an easy life. I have envied a great many people who led difficult lives and led them well.

Theodore Roosevelt

The Soul

The Soul once seen to be thus precious, thus divine; you may hold the faith that by its possession you are already nearing God; in the strength of his power make upwards towards him.

Plotinus, Enneads, V.I

Divine Names

How then can we speak of the divine names? How can we do this if the Transcendent surpasses all discourse and all knowledge, if it abides beyond all reach of mind and of being, if it encompasses and circumscribes, embraces and anticipates all things while itself eluding their grasp and escaping form any perception, imagination, opinion, name, discourse, apprehension, or understanding? How can we enter upon this undertaking if the Godhead is superior to being and is unspeakable and unnameable?

Dionysius, The Divine Names, 1.5

Vocab list for Greek Mark Exam

This is most of the list, minus chapter 16, for those of you who would benefit from a digital format.

Mark 8

σπλαγχνίζομαι – have pity, feel sympathy

προσμένω – I remain, stay

νηστις, ὁ, ἡ – not eating, hungry

μακρόθεν – from far

πόθεν – from where

χορτάζω – fill, satisfy

ἐρημία, ἡ – wilderness, dessert

παραγγέλλω – give order, command, instruct, direct

εὐχαριστέω – give thanks

χλάω – break

παρατίθημι – set before

ἰχθύδιον, τό – little fish

ὀλίγος – little, few, small

εὐλογέω – bless

παρίσσευμα, τό – what remains, scraps, abundance

χλάσμα, τό – fragment, piece, crumb.

στιρίς, ή – basket, hamper

τετραχισχίλιοι – four thousand

ἐυβαίνω – embark, go in

μερός, τό – pl. district, region

πειπάζω – test, tempt

ἀναστενάζω – sigh deeply

γενεά – generation

ἐμβαίνω – embark, go in

ἐπιλανθάνομαι – forget, neglect

ζύμη – leaven

ουπω – not yet

νοέω – consider, perceive

σινίημι – understand

οῠς, τό – ear

μνημονεύω – remember

πέντε – five

πεντακισχίλιοι – five thousand

πλήρης – full, filled

ἐπιλαμβάνομαι – take hold of, grasp

ἐκφέρω – lead, carry or bring out

πτύω – spit

ὄμμα, τό – eye

δένδρον, τό – tree

εἴτα – then

διαβλέπω – look intently, open one’s eyes wide, see clearly

ἀποκαθίστημι – restore, give back

ἐμβλέπω – look at

ἅπας – all

βαπτιστής – Baptist

πάσχω – suffer

ἀποδοκιμάζω – reject

παρρησία, ή – outspokenness, openness, confidence; plainly, openly

φρονέω – set one’s mind on, think, be minded

ἁπαρνέομαι – deny

σταυρός, ό – cross

ἕνεκεν – because of, on account of

ὠφελέω – profit, benefit

κερδαίνω – gain

ζημιόω – (only passive) suffer loss, forfeit

ἀντάλλαγμα, τό – something given in exchange

ἑπαισχύνομια – be ashamed

μοιχαλίς, ἡ – adulteress; (adj.) adulterous

Chapter 9

γεύομαι – taste

ἕξ – six

ὑψηλός – high

μεταμορφόω – transform, transfigure

ἕμπροσθεν – before

λευχός – white

λίαν – very (much), exceedingly

οῐος – such as, what sort

λευκαίνω – bleach, whiten

συλλαλέω – speak together

σκηνή – tent, booth

νεφέλη, ἡ – cloud

ἐπισκιάζω – overshadow

πάσχω – suffer

ἐκθαμβέω – (only pass.) be amazed

προστρέχω – run up to

ἅλαλος – dumb, mute

καταλαμβάνω – lay hold of, seize, overtake

ὀδούς, τό – tooth

ἰσχύω – be able, be strong

ἀνέχω – (only mid.) bear with, endure

παιδιόθεν – from childhood

παλλάκις – often, many times, frequently

βοηθέω – help

ἐπισυντρέχω – run together

ἐπιτάσσω – order, command

μηκέτι – no longer

σταράσσω – tear, pull to and fro, convulse

ὡσεί – as, like

γένος, τό – class, kind; race

προσευχή, τό – prayer

κἀκεῐθεν – and from there

ἀγνοέω – be ignorant, not to know

σιωπάω – be silent

διαλέγομαι – discuss

μείζων – greater (comparative for superl.)

διάκονος, ὁ – servant, minister

κωλύω – hinder, forbid, prevent

ταχύ – quickly, at once

κακολογέω – speak evil of, revile, insult

ποτίζω – cause to drink, give to drink

μισθός – reward, pay

μικρός – little, small

περίκειμαι – lie, be placed around, wear

μύλος, ὁ – millstone

ὀνικός – pertaining to a donkey

τράκηλος, ὁ – neck

ἀποκόπτω – vut off

ἅσβεστος – inextinguishable

μονόφθαλμος – one-eyed

ἁλίζω – salt

ἅλας, τό – salt

ἄναλος – saltless, insipid

Chapter 15

συνέδριον, τό – council, Sanhedrin

κατηγορέω – accuse

θαυμάζω – marvel, wonder

ἑορτή – feast, festival

δέσμιος – prisoner

παραιτέομαι – ask for, request; decline, reject

στάσις, ἡ – insurrection, sedition

φόνος, ὁ – murder

φθόνος, ὁ – envy

ἀνασείω – stur up, incite

παρισσως – exceedingly, beyond measure, very

βούλομια – wish, will, want

ἱκανός – sufficient, fit, many

φραγελλόω – scourge, flog

στρατιώτης, ό – soldier

ἀπάγω – lead away, bring to

ἕσω – inside

αὐλή – courtyard, court

πραιτώριον, τό – governor’s official residence

συγκαλέω – call together, summon

σπεῐρα, ἡ – cohort

ἐνδιδύσκω – dress, put on

πορφύρω – purple, purple garment

περιτίθημι – put or place around, wear

ἀκάνθινος – thorny

στέφανος, ό – crown

χαῐρε – greetings

τύπτω – strike, beat

κάλαμος, ὁ – reed, stalk, staff

ἐμπτύω – spit on

γόνυ, τό – knee

ἐμπαίζω – mock, ridicule

μεθερμηνεύω – translate

οῐνος – wine

διαμερίζω – divide

κληρος, – lot

τρίτος – third

ἐπιγραφη, – inscription

αἰτία – charge, accusation, reason

ἐπιγράφω – write on

ληστής, – robber

εὐώνυμος – left

παραπορεομαι – go or pass by, go through

βλασφημέω – blaspheme, slander

οὐά – aha!

καταλύω – tear down, destroy

ναός – temple

οἰκοδομέω – build

ὁμοίως – likewise

ἐμπαίζω – ridicule, mock

συσταυρόω – crucify together

ὀνειδίζω – reproach

ἕκτος – sixth

σκότος – darkness

ἕνατος – ninth

βοάω – cry aloud

μεθερμηνεύω – forsake utterly

γενίζω – fill

σπόγγος, ὁ – sponge

ὅξος, τό – sour wine, wine vinegar

περιτίθημι – put or place around

καθαιρέω – take down, bring down, destroy

ἐκπνέω – expire, breathe out

καταπέτασμα, τό – veil, curtain

ναός – temple

σχιζω – split, divide

ἅνωθεν – from above, from top

κάτω – down, bottom

κεντυρίωον – centurion

ἐναντίος – opposite, against

πτωμα, τό – corpse

σινδών, ὁ – linen